American Board of Surgery Qualifying Exam (ABS QE) Practice Test

What type of malnutrition is characterized by a protein deficiency making children vulnerable to illnesses?

1. Marasmus

2. Kwashiorkor

3. Cachexia

4. Anorexia

The correct answer is: Kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition that occurs primarily due to a deficiency in protein intake, despite an adequate or even excessive caloric intake. It is most commonly seen in children who have shifted from breastfeeding to a diet that is high in carbohydrates but low in essential proteins. One of the hallmark signs of kwashiorkor is the presence of edema, or swelling, often seen in the abdomen and legs. Children with this condition are particularly vulnerable to infections and illnesses due to their compromised immune systems, a direct consequence of insufficient protein for immune function and tissue repair. In contrast, other types of malnutrition such as marasmus involve a deficiency in both protein and calorie intake, leading to significant weight loss and wasting. Cachexia, while also involving loss of body mass, is typically seen in chronic diseases such as cancer and involves metabolic changes that result in weight loss. Anorexia refers to an eating disorder characterized by restricted food intake and intense fear of gaining weight, which may not solely be a protein deficiency. Thus, when considering the specific nature of protein deficiency impacting children's vulnerability to illness, kwashiorkor is the most appropriate answer.