American Board of Surgery Qualifying Exam (ABS QE) Practice Test

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What is indicated by accepting the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected?

  1. Type 1 error

  2. Type 2 error

  3. Type 3 error

  4. Type 4 error

The correct answer is: Type 2 error

Accepting the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected indicates a Type 2 error. This type of error occurs when a false null hypothesis is not rejected, meaning that a significant effect or relationship that exists is overlooked. Essentially, the researcher concludes that there is no effect or difference when, in reality, there is one. Understanding Type 2 error is crucial in hypothesis testing, particularly in the context of power analysis, which examines the likelihood of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis. Factors such as sample size, effect size, and significance level all contribute to the probability of making a Type 2 error. This highlights the importance of designing studies that are adequately powered to detect true effects, thus minimizing the risk of accepting the null hypothesis incorrectly.

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